In this research, the application of Artificial Neural NETWORK or MLP method in the process Assignment of relevé-groups/ plant COMMUNITIES allocation was evaluated using Buxus hyrcana forests database. For this purpose, firstly, the ecological and sociological groups of B. hyrcana were determined using TWINSPAN and Braun-Blanquet method, respectively. The results of both numerical and expert based classification dendrogram of the B. hyrcana COMMUNITIES, which included seven levels of classification as primary groups/plant COMMUNITIES, were introduced to MLP. Then, with assignments in three sets of training (70%), test (15%) and validation (15%), the MLP classification was performed on each level of the two dendrograms. The results showed that by increasing the level of classification, the degree of adaptation of the MLP result with primary ecological and sociological groups of TWINSPAN (99% to 60%) and Braun-Blanquet (98% to 68%) decreased from the cutoff level of 1 to 7. Results of sensitivity and kappa cross tab coefficients, except in 7 cut level, imply that the quality of MLP groups based on TWINSPAN primary ecological group is better than the primary Braun-Blanquet groups. The MLP results in Buxus hyrcana plant COMMUNITIES classification were consistent with the results of TWINSPAN (90%) and Braun-Blanquet (89%) ecological/syntaxa groups at the fifth cut level of both dendrograms concluding the reliability of MLP application for classification of plant COMMUNITIES. So, our result confirms that MLP can be introduced as a suitable method for the assignment of releves to plant COMMUNITIES.

Many Scholars believe that “, Imagined COMMUNITIES”,is one of a most influential Books in Late 20th. Based on the Anderson’, s Point of view, Nationalism is not a false capitalist consciousness, instead it is produced by one of a fundamental aspects of capitalism. “, Print Capitalism”,in its historical context, is a type of economic corporation which is not only affected on the formation and distribution of culture, but it also was a part of capitalist production as well. His contribution was to show how print industry helped development of national units. A critical review can declare Anderson’, s analysis is less practical and useful. It could not explain how a nation is distinguished from other types of community which he has constructed in the book. In addition, his analysis faces three serious problems: his understanding of nation is something classless, asocial and universal,minorities, marginal and subaltern groups are absent in his analysis, and finally he is unconsidered to sexuality structures and women’, s reproductive role in generating a nation. These obstacles base his construction of citizenship and nation upon white, middle class, educated European men.

Nowadays, in western Iran, especially Hamadan province, conflicts between local COMMUNITIES and wolves has peaked and has become a major concern for local people. In this research, in order to investigate the role of social components, social NETWORK analysis was used to portrait a scenario in reducing conflict between local COMMUNITIES and environment. To the end, the aim of this study was to find the most important social events under human decisions in reducing conflict between human and the environment. Decisions that they state can provide a conservation structure for local COMMUNITIES. For this purpose, in areas of Hamadan province that had the most wolf attack points, using Daniel method and based on households throughout the county villages in this province a total of 400 questionnaires about local people's decision related to wolf attacks in the form of events such as help from Department of Environment (HDOE), help from village head, using of livestock-guarding dogs, children's education, television and newspaper as well as aggressive acts such as killing wolves were design and in 2016 social NETWORKs and related measures was illustrated for behavior analysis and for extracting a scenario. Our results showed that, among the methods used by local COMMUNITIES, education, livestock-guarding dogs and help by village head respectively, have the highest centrality in conservation NETWORK. The consent of local COMMUNITIES after using each of these methods has increased compared to before use. Help by HDOE head has the lowest degree of centrality in this NETWORK. With determining the pivotal role of environmental education, we proposed that education to local COMMUNITIES should be placed at the top of management actions by HDOE.

In forest areas outside of northern Iran, Establishing forest roads is costly and without revenue, and is often performed by Jihad-e-Sazandegi and Roads and Transport institutions with the purpose of accessing development projects such as dams or electricity transmission, water supply, access to rural areas, etc. Considering the priority of socio-economic issues in western forests of the country, evaluating the impact of forest roads on the development of services in villages is necessary. For this purpose, in the present research, the trend of development of forest road NETWORK in the 40s, 80s and 90s was determined by calculating the length of the road and assessing the quality of the pavement. To do this, photographs of the aforementioned decades were obtained from the Mapping Organization of the country and after geometric corrections, the images underwent visual interpretation. Then, by using statistical resources and information about the general census of population and housing, and completed questionnaires for each village, the development of the villages of the study area was estimated via the Z index in the mentioned time intervals. Then, route access and rural development were calculated using Spearman correlation test. The correlation coefficient was obtained 0.738, which shows a direct and significant relationship between access to forest roads and rural development.